---
type: LearningResource
title: "Complete List of 83+ Important Scientific Instruments Names & Uses - Physics, Chemistry Lab Equipment Guide 2025"
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---
# Complete List of 83+ Important Scientific Instruments Names & Uses - Physics, Chemistry Lab Equipment Guide 2025

## Scientific Measuring Instruments and Scales

Standard diagnostic, industrial, meteorological, and physics laboratory instrumentation:

| Instrument | Category | What it Measures / Use |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Barometer | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | General atmospheric pressure (Torricelli's principle) |
| Fortin's Barometer | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | High-accuracy laboratory barometer, used to calibrate pressure metrics |
| Aneroid Barometer | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Non-liquid barometer; used as an altimeter in aircraft |
| Manometer | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Gas pressure in a closed vessel |
| Sphygmomanometer | Medical & Biological | Arterial human blood pressure |
| Venturi Meter | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Flow rate of fluid in a pipe (Bernoulli's principle) |
| Piezometer | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Medium to high liquid pressure in a pipe or vessel |
| Rotameter | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Volumetric flow rate of liquids or gases in a closed tube |
| Bourdon Gauge | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Pressure of steam, gas or liquid in industrial systems |
| Vacuum Gauge (Pirani) | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Very low pressure inside a vacuum system |
| Water Meter | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Volume of water flowing through a pipe |
| Flow Meter | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Rate of flow of a fluid through a pipe |
| Viscometer | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Viscosity (resistance to flow) of a liquid |
| Stalagmometer | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Surface tension of a liquid by the drop-weight method |
| Hydraulic Press Gauge | Pressure & Fluid Dynamics | Force transmitted in a hydraulic system (Pascal's law) |
| Anemometer | Meteorology & Weather | Wind speed and velocity |
| Beaufort Scale | Meteorology & Weather | Empirical scale relating wind speed to observed sea/land conditions |
| Hygrometer / Psychrometer | Meteorology & Weather | Relative humidity in the atmosphere |
| Sling Psychrometer | Meteorology & Weather | Relative humidity and dew point using dry- and wet-bulb thermometers |
| Rain Gauge (Udometer / Pluviometer) | Meteorology & Weather | Volume of liquid precipitation over a set period |
| Nephometer | Meteorology & Weather | Cloud volume, density and speed |
| Atmometer / Evaporimeter | Meteorology & Weather | Rate of water evaporation from a wet surface |
| Pyrheliometer / Actinometer | Meteorology & Weather | Direct solar radiation and its heating power |
| Barograph | Meteorology & Weather | Continuous recording of atmospheric pressure over time |
| Thermograph | Meteorology & Weather | Continuous recording of temperature variation |
| Wind Vane | Meteorology & Weather | Direction of the wind |
| Ceilometer | Meteorology & Weather | Height of a cloud base |
| Nephoscope | Meteorology & Weather | Direction and speed of cloud movement |
| Radiosonde | Meteorology & Weather | Upper-atmosphere pressure, temperature and humidity via weather balloon |
| Snow Gauge | Meteorology & Weather | Depth and water equivalent of snowfall |
| Ammeter | Electricity & Magnetism | Strength of electric current in a circuit |
| Galvanometer | Electricity & Magnetism | Detects and measures faint electric currents |
| Voltmeter | Electricity & Magnetism | Potential difference (voltage) between two points |
| Ohmmeter | Electricity & Magnetism | Electrical resistance of a conductor |
| Multimeter | Electricity & Magnetism | Voltage, current and resistance in one instrument |
| Electroscope | Electricity & Magnetism | Presence and sign of electric charge on a body |
| Electrometer | Electricity & Magnetism | Very small electric charges and potential differences |
| Wheatstone Bridge | Electricity & Magnetism | Unknown electrical resistance by null comparison |
| Potentiometer | Electricity & Magnetism | EMF of a cell and potential difference without drawing current |
| Rheostat | Electricity & Magnetism | Variable resistance used to control current in a circuit |
| Dynamo | Electricity & Magnetism | Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy |
| Transformer | Electricity & Magnetism | Steps AC voltage up or down |
| Magnetometer | Electricity & Magnetism | Strength and direction of a magnetic field |
| Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) | Electricity & Magnetism | Displays and measures varying electrical signals as waveforms |
| Energy Meter | Electricity & Magnetism | Electrical energy consumed in kilowatt-hours |
| Commutator | Electricity & Magnetism | Reverses current direction in a DC motor or generator |
| Calorimeter | Heat & Temperature | Heat generated or absorbed in chemical/physical processes |
| Thermometer | Heat & Temperature | General body or ambient temperature |
| Pyrometer | Heat & Temperature | Very high temperatures (above 800 °C) without contact, via thermal radiation |
| Cryometer | Heat & Temperature | Extremely low temperatures |
| Thermostat | Heat & Temperature | Maintains a system at a constant preset temperature |
| Thermocouple | Heat & Temperature | Temperature from the EMF generated at a junction of two metals |
| Bolometer | Heat & Temperature | Energy of incident electromagnetic radiation as heat |
| Clinical Thermometer | Medical & Biological | Human body temperature (35–42 °C range) |
| Bomb Calorimeter | Heat & Temperature | Heat of combustion of a fuel or food sample at constant volume |
| Telescope | Optics & Sound | Views distant objects such as stars and planets |
| Microscope | Optics & Sound | Magnifies objects too small for the naked eye |
| Periscope | Optics & Sound | Views objects above or around an obstacle (submarines, trenches) |
| Kaleidoscope | Optics & Sound | Produces symmetrical patterns using multiple reflections |
| Spectrometer | Optics & Sound | Wavelength and intensity of light in a spectrum |
| Spectroscope | Optics & Sound | Analyses the spectrum of light emitted or absorbed by a substance |
| Photometer | Optics & Sound | Intensity of light (luminous flux) |
| Lux Meter | Optics & Sound | Illuminance falling on a surface, in lux |
| Refractometer | Optics & Sound | Refractive index of a liquid or solid |
| Polarimeter | Optics & Sound | Rotation of plane-polarised light by an optically active substance |
| Interferometer | Optics & Sound | Very small distances and refractive indices using light interference |
| Stroboscope | Optics & Sound | Frequency of rotating or vibrating objects using flashing light |
| Audiometer | Optics & Sound | Intensity of sound and sharpness of hearing |
| Sonometer | Optics & Sound | Frequency and tension relationship in a vibrating string |
| Decibel Meter (Sound Level Meter) | Optics & Sound | Intensity of sound in decibels |
| Sonar | Optics & Sound | Depth and distance of underwater objects using sound waves |
| Stereoscope | Optics & Sound | Presents two images to produce a three-dimensional effect |
| Endoscope | Medical & Biological | Views internal organs and cavities of the human body |
| Stethoscope | Medical & Biological | Listens to heart and lung sounds |
| Spirometer | Medical & Biological | Volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs |
| Breathalyzer | Medical & Biological | Estimates blood alcohol content (BAC) from breath samples |
| Polygraph | Medical & Biological | Lie detector; records pulse, respiration and perspiration |
| Electrocardiograph (ECG) | Medical & Biological | Electrical activity of the heart |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | Medical & Biological | Electrical activity of the brain |
| Cardiograph | Medical & Biological | Records the movement and rhythm of the heartbeat |
| Haemocytometer | Medical & Biological | Counts blood cells in a sample |
| Crescograph | Medical & Biological | Growth increments in plants (invented by Sir J.C. Bose) |
| Autoclave | Medical & Biological | Sterilises equipment using high-pressure steam |
| Incubator | Medical & Biological | Maintains controlled temperature for cultures or premature infants |
| Centrifuge | Medical & Biological | Separates substances of different densities by rapid spinning |
| Fathometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Depth of water bodies via echo sounding |
| Hydrometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Relative density (specific gravity) of liquids |
| Lactometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Density and purity of milk |
| Seismograph | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Detects, measures and records seismic waves |
| Odometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Total distance travelled by a wheeled vehicle |
| Speedometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Instantaneous speed of a vehicle |
| Tachometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Rotational speed of a shaft or engine, in RPM |
| Geiger-Müller (GM) Counter | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Detects and measures ionising radiation |
| Sextant | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Angular distance between two visible objects; used in marine navigation |
| Colorimeter | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Concentration of coloured compounds in a solution by light absorption |
| Tensiometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Soil moisture tension, or surface tension of liquids |
| Altimeter | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Altitude above a fixed level, used in aircraft |
| Gyroscope | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Maintains and measures orientation and angular velocity |
| Accelerometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Rate of change of velocity (acceleration) |
| Chronometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Precise time at sea, used to determine longitude |
| Vernier Calliper | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Internal and external dimensions to 0.1 mm accuracy |
| Screw Gauge (Micrometer) | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Thickness of thin wires and sheets to 0.01 mm |
| Spherometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Radius of curvature of spherical surfaces |
| Planimeter | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Area of an irregular plane figure |
| Pedometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Number of steps walked by a person |
| Salinometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Salinity (salt content) of a solution such as sea water |
| Saccharimeter | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Sugar concentration in a solution |
| Alcoholometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Alcohol content of a liquid |
| pH Meter | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
| Bathymeter | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Depth of the ocean floor |
| Radar | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Detects distance, direction and speed of objects using radio waves |
| Theodolite | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Horizontal and vertical angles in surveying |
| Dilatometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Volume changes caused by a physical or chemical process |
| Densitometer | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Optical density of a photographic or transparent material |
| Refrigerator Hygrostat | General Lab, Earth & Navigation | Maintains a set humidity level in an enclosed space |
| Anemograph | Meteorology & Weather | Continuous record of wind speed and direction |

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